Yunita Fadli

Kamis, 07 April 2011

EXERCISE 2nd

EXERCISE 11 Page 186 (Underline = Subject ; Parentheses () = Prepositional Phrases ; Italic = Verb)
1. ( C ) The subject (of the lectures) was quite interesting.
2. ( I ) The supplies (for the camping trip) needs to be packed.
3. ( I ) The chairs (under the table in the dining room) is quite comfortable.
4. ( C ) The players (on the winning team in the competition) put forth a lot of effort.
5. ( I ) The food for the guests (at the party) are on the long tables.
6. ( C ) The cost of the clothes (was higher )than I had expected.
7. ( C ) He rugs (in the front rooms of the house) are going to be washed today.
8. ( I ) The waiters and waitresses (in this restaurant) always serves the food efficiently.
9. ( C ) The lights (in the corner of the room) need to be kept on all night.
10. ( C ) The meeting (of the members of the council )begins at 3:00 in the afternoon.

EXERCISE 12 Page 187 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Object ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) Half of the students in the class arrive early.
2. ( I ) Some of the fruit are rotten.
3. ( I ) All of the next chapter contains very important information.
4. ( I ) Most of the people in the room is paying attention.
5. ( C ) Part of the soup is left on the stove.
6. ( I ) Some of the movie were just too violent for me.
7. ( C ) All of the details in the report needs to be checked.
8. ( C ) Most of the money is needed to pay the bills.
9. ( I ) The first half of the class consist of lecture and note-taking.
10. ( I) Some of the questions on the test was impossible to answer.

EXERCISE 13 Page 188 (Underline = Subject ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( I ) Anybody are welcome at the party.
2. ( C ) No one here is afraid of skydiving.
3. ( I ) Everyone in the world needs love and respect.
4. ( I ) Someone have to clean up the house.
5. ( C ) Each plant in the garden appear healthy and strong.
6. ( C ) You should understand that anything is possible.
7. ( I ) Everything in the salad are good for you.
8. ( I ) Nobody in the class have completed the assignment on time.
9. ( I ) I am sure that every detail have been considered.
10. ( C ) Everybody know the rules, but somebody is not following them.
EXERCISE (Skill 11 – 13) Page 189 (Underline = Subject ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) The receptionist in the entryway to the offices is able to answer your questions.
2. ( C ) All of the information in the documents are important.
3. ( C ) Anyone in one of the classes has to take the final exam.
4. ( I ) The coordinator of community services are arranging the program.
5. ( I ) Most of the car are covered with mud.
6. ( C ) Nothing more is going to be completed today.
7. ( I ) The drinks in the pitchers on the table in the ballroom is for everyone.
8. ( I ) Everybody were told to be here at 8:00. But somebody is not here.
9. ( C ) Some of the meetings at the conference are limited to ten participants.
10. ( I ) The sauce on the vegetables in the yellow bowl taste really delicious.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 11 – 13) Page 189 (Parentheses () = Option; Bold = Answer)
1. < C > Nobody (A. know) when the (B. process) of glass-making (C. was) (D. invented).
2. Sugars (A. Like) glucose (B. is) (C. made) (D. up of carbon), hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms.
3. < C > Part of the electricity (A. used) in the United States (B. today) (C. come) from
hydroelectric (D. sources).
4. The languages of the world (A. presents) a vast (B. array) of structural (C. similarities)
and (D. differences).
5. < A > The rise of multinationals (A. have) (B. resulted) in a great deal of legal ambiguity
because multinationals (C. can) (D. operate) in so many jurisdictions.
6. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States (A. has) even (B. numbers),
while north-south interstate highways (C. are) (D. odd-numbered).
7. < C > (A. When) a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud (B .exploded) in 1987, a wave
of neutrinos (C. Were) (D. Detected) on Earth.
8. < A > Some of the agricultural (A. practices) (B. used) today (C. is) responsible for
(D.fostering) desertification.
9. Every open space in the (A. targeted) area that (B. has) grass and a few bushes (C. are)
(D. occupied) by the white-crowned sparrow.
10. < A > Krakatoa (A. is remembered) as the volcano that (B. put) so much ash into the air that
sunsets around the world (C. was affected) for two years (D. afterward).

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1 – 13) Page 190 – 191 (Parentheses () = Option; Bold = Answer)
1. (D. Pitctograms constitute) The earliest system of writing.
2. At temperatures (A. approach) absolute zero, substances posses minimal energy.
3. The Earth’s one-year revolution around the Sun changes how (B. the fall of sunlight) on one hemisphere or the other.
4. Though sporadic interest in regional dialects (A. has existed) for centuries, the first large-scale systematic studied did not take place until the nineteenth century.
5. < D > (A. The) waters (B. of the) Chattahoochee (C. River) (D. fills) Lake Lanier.
6. < C > The first set of (A. false teeth) similar to those in use today (B. it) (C. was) (D. made) in
France in the 1780s.
7. The term “Yankee” (A. was) originally a nickname for people from New England, but
now anyone from the United States (B. are) (C. referred) (D. to as a Yankee.
8. < A > A network of small arteries, mostly(A. sandwiched) between the skin and the
(B. underlying) muscles, (C. supply) (D. blood) to the face and scalp.
9. < C > Mesquite (A. is) a (B. small) tree in the Southwest (C. who) can (D. withstand) the
severest
drought.
10. At the (A. end) of the Revolution, most of the army units of the young nation (B. was)
almost entirely (C. disbanded) ,(D. leaving) a total national military force of eighty men in 17894.

EXERCISE 14 Page 192 (Underline = Sentences which follow the Parallel; Bold = Parallel Parts)
1. ( I ) The pastries in that shop are very expensive but quite deliciously.
2. ( C ) You can find some change to buy a paper in the drawer, on top of the dresser, or in the jar.
3. ( C ) The living room was decorated with expensive paintings and elegance lamps.
4. ( I ) He knew that the financial problems were serious, that the situation was not going to improve,
and that he needed to get a job.
5. ( C ) All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or played in the
snow.
6. ( C ) The car needs new tires but not a new engine.
7. ( I ) He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.
8. ( C ) To get to office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and continuation down the
hall.
9. ( C) For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tarts, chocolate cake, or butter cookies.
10. ( I ) The sick needs some medicine, some juice and to rest.

EXERCISE 15 Page 194 (Underline = Sentences which follow the Parallel; Bold = Parallel Conjunction)
1. ( I ) He either lied or telling an unbelievable story.
2. ( C ) The music at the concert was neither well played nor well liked.
3. ( I ) He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening.
4. ( I ) The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite meaningful.
5. ( C ) He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her ability to clean house.
6. ( C ) The discussion was both exciting and interest.
7. ( C ) He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but also from the savings
account.
8. ( I ) Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.
9. ( I ) You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 04:00.
10. ( I ) John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes parasailing.

EXERCISE (Skills 14-15) Page 194-195 (Underline = Words which follow the Parallel; Bold = Parallel Conjunction)
1. ( C ) The advertisement appeared in the newspaper and on the radio.
2. ( C ) She is trained as both an accountant and in nursing.
3. ( I ) We can take either my car or yours to the party.
4. ( C ) The coffee is too hot, too bitter and too strength.
5. ( I ) He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.
6. ( I ) Your ideas are neither more important or less important than the ideas of the others.
7. ( I ) The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.
8. ( C ) The novel was both emotional and description.
9. ( C ) Either the counselor or her secretary can help you with that problem.
10. ( C ) The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, in the driveway, and on the sidewalk.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 14-15) Page 195 (Parentheses () = Option; Bold = Answer)
1. < C > Ballpoint pens (A. are) less versatile (B .but) more (C. population) than fountain (D. pens).
2. < D > Riddles (A. vary) (B. greatly) in booth grammatical and (C. phonology) (D. form).
3. < D > Blood pressure is (A. measured) by feeling the pulse and (B. apply) a (C. force) to the (D.
arm).
4. < D > The Moon (A. has) no atmosphere, (B. no air) (C. and) no (D. watery).
5. The first (A. matches) (B. were) too hard to ignite, (C. a mess), or too (D. dangerously) easy
to ignite.
6. A 1971 U.S (A. government) policy not only put warnings on cigarette (B. packs) but also
(C. banning) television (D. advertising) of cigarettes.
7. (A. Demand), beauty, durability, (B. rare) and perfection of cutting (C. determine) the (D.
value ) of gemstone.
8. < D > The Harvard Yard, (A. which) was Harvad’s (B. original) campus, is still a (C. major)
attraction for both students and (D. visiting).
9. < C > (A. In) 1862, the American Confederacy (B. raised) the Merrimack, renamed it Virginia
covered it with iron (C. plates) and an (D. outfit) it with ten guns.
10. < C > The liquid crystals in a (A. display) (LCD) (B. affect) the (C. polarized) light so that it is
either blocked (D. and) reflected by the segments of the display.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (skills 1-15) Page 196 (Parentheses () = Option; Bold = Answer)
1. Most cells in multicelled organisms perform (D. Specialization) function.
2. The big island of Hawaii, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean (B. it was created) by five volcanoes.
3. The Sun uses up four million tons of hydrogen per second (C. but is) still has enough hydrogen to last for the next five billion years.
4. For Katherine L. Bates, who ( A. reached ) the top of Pikes Peak in 1893, the view provided the inspiration for her hymn “America the Beautiful”
5. < C > Coal , petroleum (A. and) natural (B. gaseous) are (C. all) fossil (D. fuels)
6. < A > The mass of (A. neutron stars) generally (B. range) from one-tenth to (C. twice) the (D.
mass) of the sun.
7. < D > Grasses (A. grow) in (B. ways) that help them to (C. survive) being nibbled, (D. chilly), or
dried.
8. Most of Hemingway’s novels (A. glorifies) heroic (B. exploits) such as (C. bullfighting) or
(D. boxing)
9. < D > Paleographers (A. study) ancient and (B. medieval) handwriting in order to (C. establish)
not only its age (D. and) also its background.
10. < D > The sound (A. produced) by bullfrogs and toads (B. vary) greatly because each species (C.
have) its own particular (D. call)

EXERCISE 16 Page 197 (Italic = Verb)
1. ( I ) We have already hearing the good news .
2. ( C ) She has ridden her bicycle to school every day .
3. ( I ) I have always believe you.
4. ( C ) He has find the missing car keys.
5. ( C ) They have put their money in a saving account.
6. ( C ) Their parents have allowed them to stay up late.
7. ( C ) She has never ran away from home before.
8. ( I ) Have you ever saw a ghost ?
9. ( C ) They have taken three tests already this week.
10. ( I ) He has offer me a high-paying job.

EXERCISE 17 Page 198 (Italic = Verb)
1. ( I ) She was study the textbooks all night long.
2. ( C ) The pie was cut into six equal pieces.
3. ( I ) Today the teacher is allow the students to leave class a few minutes early.
4. ( I ) The class is teach every other semester.
5. ( C ) Tom is bringing some drinks to the party.
6. ( C ) The sick child was taken to see a doctor.
7. ( I ) The children are swim in the backyard pool.
8. ( I ) The diamond jewelry is always keep in safe place.
9. ( C ) The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the students.
10. ( I ) Dinner is served from 6:00 to 8: 00 .

EXERCISE 18 Page 199 (Italic = Verb)
1. ( C ) You should try to respond politely.
2. ( I ) Everyone must leaves the room immediately.
3. ( I ) I could sat on the beach for hours.
4. ( I ) She will asking you many difficult questions.
5. ( C ) You can look at the book , but you cannot borrow it.
6. ( I ) He may lies to you because he is not very truthful.
7. ( I ) He knew that he would forgot the phone number.
8. ( I ) The weatherman said that it might snowing tonight.
9. ( I ) Perhaps we could bought a new car this year.
10. ( C ) This course will satisfy the graduation requirement.
EXERCISE ( 16-18 ) Page 200 (Italic = Verb)
1. ( C ) We have became good friends in the last year.
2. ( C ) Your name will be list in the new directory.
3. ( I ) The new movie is receive good reviews.
4. ( I ) She must have feel sorry about her bad behavior.
5. ( C ) They have always given their family many present.
6. ( C ) We may be taking a vacation next week.
7. ( C ) We could have taking a vacation last week.
8. ( I ) The package might had been deliver by an express mail service.
9. ( I ) I have not wrote very many letters to my friends.
10. ( C ) The car should not have be drive anymore yesterday.

TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 16 – 18) Page 200-201 (Parentheses () = Option; Bold = Answer)
1. By the 1920, (A. many) radio (B. transmitters) (C. had) been (D. build)
2. < C > (A. Fish) (B. farming) has (C. rose) in the united states in (D. recent) years.
3. < C > In (A .areas) of volcanic activity, beach (B. sand) may (C. contains) dark minerals and (D. little) quarts.
4. < A > Cro-Magnon man was (A. names) after the (B. caves) in southwest France where the first (C. remains) were (D. discovered)
5. < C > Lassies the famous collie who (A. made) her first (B. screen) appearance in 1943, has always (C. be) (D. played) by a male dog.
6. A blue bigwig lizard (A. stakes) out a (B. territory) and will (C. defending) females within it against (D. courting) males.
7. < A > President George Washington was (A. inaugurates) on the (B. steps) (C. of the) federal (D. building) in New York City.
8. < C > (A. By) 1627 Plymouth had (B. became) a viable and (C. growing) community of fifty families twenty – two goats, fifteen cows and (D. more than) fifty pigs.
9. < D > Tobacco (A. was) the crop on which the (B. eminence) of Williamsburg and the (C. prosperity) of Virginia were (D. base)
10. < D > Because there (A. may be) scores of genes in each suspect DNA region scientists must (B. identifying) and (C. sequence) the actual genes (D. contributing) to type I diabetes.

TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-18) (Parentheses () = Option; Bold = Answer)
1. (D. the Pacific Ocean has) the deepest valleys and canyons on the earth.
2. In the United States the participation of females in the labor force (D. jumped) from 37 percent in 1965 to 51 percent in 1980.
3. Some composers such as Richard Wagner have felt that (B. interrupt arias) the action of the opera too much and have written operas without them.
4. < C > Water (A. stored) behind a (B.dam) can (C. used) to (D. drive) turbines.
5. < D > Our universe may (A. continue) to (B. expand) as it (C. gets) colder, (D. empty) and deader.
6. Every (A. form) of matter in the world (B. are) (C. made up) of (D. atoms)
7. The (A. lens) and corner are (B. supply) with (C. nutrients) and oxygen by the (D. aqueous) fluid
8. Dodge City laid out in 1872 (A. owed) both its prosperity and its (B. famous) to the buffalo in (C. its) early (D. years)
9. The amount of the (A. two kinds) of cholesterol in the blood (B. have) been (C. shown) to have an (D. effect) on the risk of heart attack.
10. < C > By the time Noah Webster (A. Reached) (B. his) mid-twenties he had already (C. publish) an (D. elementary) speller.

Marriage Is a Choice

Marriage is a choice, but not like any other choice. You don’t marry just any love. Instead, you first find love and then you are capable of making the right couple. The experience of real love for a person doesn’t necessarily mean he or she is the one for you. The experience of real love doesn’t connect us to our soul. With this connection, we are then able to know what our soul wants to do. Choosing a soul mate isn’t a mental decision based on the pros and cons of relationship. It’s not an emotional decision based on comparing how a person makes you feel. It’s not physical decision based on how a person looks. It’s much deeper. When our soul wants to marry our partner, it feels like a promise that we came into this world to keep, it feels as if we are supposed to be together and share our lives.
When our soul wants to get married, it feels as we have no choice. We have to do it if we are to be true to ourselves. It’s this kind of commitment that can sustain a lifetime of love. It empowers us to make the necessary sacrifices and overcome the inevitable challenges that come with marriage. It graces us with the experience of incomparable joy and fulfillment. Many people mistakenly love with the right person for marriage because it’s only when our hearts are open, and filled with love, that we can truly know someone and know the truth in our hearts. We can pick the right person only when our hearts are open, but it also true that we can know for sure that a person is wrong only if our hearts are open as well.

Senin, 04 April 2011

Junk Food Facts

Everybody knows and loves junk food, at least that’s like I knew. Junk food is also readily available at restaurant chains across the country in the form of French fries, chicken nuggets, shake, soda, etc. Regardless the junk food has be a good or worse for our health (mostly worse). And so far we never know facts about junk food, we only enjoy the junk food without know what kind of junk food we consume. Here’s some of facts of junk food which I have.
“Junk food” generally refers to food that contribute lots of calories, but little nutritional value. Of course, what’s considered junk food depends on whom you ask. Some might say pizza is a junk food, for example. But I personally don’t think so, since it contributes real food with nutrients, like cheese and tomato sauce. Add whole-wheat or part whole-wheat crust, plus veggies as a topping, and I’d say pizza completely exits the junk food category.
One problem with junk foods is that they’re low in satiation value which can lead to overeating. Another problem is that junk food tends to replace other, more nutritious foods. When people drinking lots of soda for example, they’re usually not getting plenty of low fat dairy or other healthful beverages like green tea or orange juice. When they’re snacking on chips and cookies, they’re usually not loading up on fruits and vegetables.
Most junk food falls into the categories of either “snack food” or “fast food”. And then there are things like breakfast cereals. They seem innocent enough, but some of them could definitely be considers “junk food”, as they mostly contain sugar or high fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.

Rabu, 30 Maret 2011

My Biography

My complete name is Yunita Fadli Lestari. My family and my friends calls me Nita, but I’m popular with my nick name ‘nyu2n’. I have story for my nick name, nyu2n (it’s bit embarrassing actually :P). The first day when I was on high school, my friend called me yunita, but he thought it just too difficult and long name for called, so he called me ‘yuyun’ but the other friends who ear ‘yuyun’ too funny for my name so they called me ‘nyunyun’ and this name continued until at university, so that now all of my friends calls me ‘nyu2n’, even they don’t know my real name. But I’m enjoy and happy with this name, it’s like my lucky name, hahaha :D lol
I was born at Bekasi on June 21th on 1989 :P and I don’t know why, I love the combination of my date, 06-21-89 I think that’s a beautiful number (at least for me) :P lol
I’m first on my family. I have two brothers. My brother has on high school and my little brother has on primary school. My dad works at a company which concentrate as developer of property and my mom stays at home to keep their children and seeing her children grows up completely. I love my mom very much! 
Now I’m school at Gunadarma University which concentrate on Management Economic (on the last semester surely :P ). Actually I don’t want to took economic because it’s too complicated for me  I interest for broadcasting (but my parents doesn’t give permission  ). Besides that I’m interest to be lawyer, I want defend poor people to get their rights and happiness. And for the future I want to have a Event Organizer too (for music, wedding, party etc), because I love serve and entertain the people and give the best effort from me, that’s all has a simply reason that I want to make the people happy and smile with my efforts  But that’s just a dream for me because I’m on Economic ways now -.- lol (but I optimist can reach my dreams someday  )
My hobbies are listening music ( I like r&b, pop, hip hop, dj’s song, romantic songs, and I love trance too  ), I love shopping, spent my time on beauty salon, sleep (because I can’t manage my time to sleep very well), watching movies (romantic comedy), tattoo (but I don’t have permission from my parents to make a permanent tattoo  ), I love art, I love travel to meet someone new on new place, I love serve the people, I love nature, I love beach, I love black, white, grey, red, blue ;)
That’s just simply sides of my life, maybe looks so relax, quite and fun that’s why I really enjoy with my life :P I’ll do my best efforts to make the other smile  and my principal is ‘all of the things will be good on the good time’ I trust it .. 

Kamis, 10 Maret 2011

Exercise

Exercise 1 Page 157 (Underline = Subject ; Italic = verb)
1. ( I ) My best friend always helpful with problems.
2. ( C ) The bus schedule has changed since last week.
3. ( I ) Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
4. ( C) The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
5. ( C ) The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
6. ( I ) Each day practiced the piano for hours.
7. ( C ) The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
8. ( I ) The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
9. ( I ) Walking with the children to school.
10. ( C ) The whales headed south for the winner.

Exercise 2 Page 158 (Underline = Subject ; ( ) = Prepositional phrases ; Italic = verb)
1. ( C ) The name (of the baby) (in the crib) is Jack.
2. ( I ) (By the next meeting) (of the class) needs to turn in the papers.
3. ( I ) The directions (to the exercise) (on page twenty unclear).
4. ( I ) (Because of) the heavy rain (throughout the night), the walkway are muddy.
5. ( I ) (During the week) eat lunch (in the school cafeteria).
6. ( C ) (In the morning) (after the concert) was tired.
7. ( C ) (In the summer) (the trip to the mountains) is our favorite trip.
8. ( I ) (In a box) (on the top shelf) (of the cabinet) (in the hallway) (of the house).
9. ( I ) (With her purse) (in her hand) ran (through the door).
10. ( C ) (At 1.00) (in the morning) (the alarm clock) (on the table) (beside the bed) rang.

Exercise (Skill 1-2) Page 158 – 159 (Underline = Subject ; ( ) = Prepositional phrases ; Italic = verb)
1. ( C ) (During the meeting) (in the office) discussed the schedule.
2. ( C ) The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
3. ( I ) (The tall evergreen trees) along the road.
4. ( C ) The watch (in the jewelry box) needs a new battery.
5. ( I ) (Pleasantly greets) everyone (in all the offices) (every morning).
6. ( I ) (In the office of the building) (across the street) (from the park on the corner).
7. ( C ) The dishes (in the sink) really need to be washed as soon as possible.
8. ( I ) (In a moment) (of worry about) the problem with the cash in the account.
9. ( C ) The plane (from New York) circling the airport.
10. ( C ) (On a regular basis the) plants (in the boxes) under the window in the kitchen are
watered and fed.

TOEFL Exercise (Skill 1-2) Page 159
1. Mark Twain (A. called) the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
2. Early (C. horses had) toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. (B. Tundra plants) grow close to the ground in the short Arctic summer.
4. In 1867, (C. the United States’ purchase of) Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of (A. occupations).
6. The large carotid artery (A. carrying blood) to the main parts of the brain.
7. (D. Marconi developed) radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy.
8. In 1975, the first successful space probe to (C. Venus was) beginning to send information back to Earth.
9. two biggest resort (A. in) Arkansas are Hot Springs and Eureka Springs.
10. NASA’s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (C. was the) control center for the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space flights.

Exercise 3 Page 161 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Adj ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) The crying baby needs to be picked up.
2. ( I ) The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing machine.
3. ( I ) The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
4. ( C ) Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.
5. ( C ) For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll.
6. ( I ) The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.
7. ( I ) The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
8. ( I ) The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
9. ( I ) The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.
10. ( C ) The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.

Exercise 4 Page 162 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Adj ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( I ) The food is served in this restaurant is delicious.
2. ( C ) The plane landed on the deserted runway.
3. ( C ) The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime.
4. ( C ) The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.
5. ( C ) The teacher found the lost exam.
6. ( I ) The small apartment very crowded and disorganized.
7. ( C ) The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
8. ( I ) The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.
9. ( C ) The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. ( I ) The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.

Exercise (Skills 3-4) Page 163 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Adj ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.
2. ( I ) The tired woman taking a much-needed nap.
3. ( I ) The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.
4. ( C ) The winners deserved the big prize.
5. ( I ) The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.
6. ( I ) The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.
7. ( I ) The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
8. ( C ) The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.
9. ( I ) The students are completing the course will graduate in June.
10. ( C ) The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.

TOEFL Exercise (Skill 3-4) Page 163
1. The first (D. flowering plants) appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs’ reign.
2. The earliest medicines (C. were obtained) from plant of various sorts
3. Simple sails were made from canvas (B. stretched) over a frame
4. Pluto’s moon Charon (B. is moving) in a slightly elliptical path around the planet.
5. Techniques of breath control from an essential part of any (D. training) program to improve the voice
6. Robert E. Lee (A. surrendered) the Confederate Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse
7. The pituitary gland, (A. found below) the brain, releases hormones to control other glands.
8. At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences (B. containing) three or four words.
9. Multinational companies (B. are finding) it increasingly important to employ internationally acceptable brand names.
10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva, on (C. the exposed part) of the eye.

TOEFL Review Exercise (Skill 1-4)
1. (B.The Polynesians arrived) first settled the Hawaiian Islands between A.D. 300 and 750.
2. In 1066, a bright comet (A. was appearing) in the sky attracted much attention.
3. In some daguerreotype cameras, (C. from the view of the object) through a hole in the back of the box.
4. In the Stone Age, stone tools (B. they polished) with other rock materials.
5. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic (A. was the) Savannah, in 1819.
6. The Earth’ s plates meet each other at cracks in the Earth (C. called) faults.
7. The first plant-like organisms probably (B. living) in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago.
8. In male pattern baldness, (D. heredity has) strongly influences the degree of hair loss.
9. In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles (C. fascination with making) attempt to explain America’s belief in flying saucers.
10. The irregular coastline of (B. Massachusetts is) a succession of bays and inlets, with the hook of the Cape Cod peninsula in the southeast.

Exercise 5 Page 166 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.
2. ( I ) The book was not long, but it difficult to read.
3. ( I ) It was raining, so decide not to go camping.
4. ( C ) The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.
5. ( I ) The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.
6. ( C ) The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off.
7. ( C ) The furnace broke so the house got quite cold.
8. ( C ) The dress did not too much, but the quality it seemed excellent
9. ( I ) The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boy kept raking them up, but the yard was still covered.
10. ( I ) The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.

Exercise 6 Page 168 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.
2. ( I ) The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.
3. ( I ) This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
4. ( C )The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.
5. ( C ) We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
6. ( C ) Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.
7. ( C ) Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new
House.
8. ( I ) Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.
9. ( C ) The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling
heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
10. ( I ) If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the
small details will not cause problems.

Exercise (Skills 5-6) Page 169 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.
2. ( C ) After the children read some stories before they went to bed.
3. ( I ) The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.
4. ( C ) If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.
5. ( C ) A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.
6. ( C ) All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.
7. ( C ) The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board
8. ( C ) The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and
must approve it.
9. ( I ) Because the food was cold when it was served the dinners sent it back to the kitchen.
10. ( C ) You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car over.

TOEFL Exercise (Skills 5-6) Page 169
1. A spacecraft is feed from friction (D. after it is) launched into space.
2. (D. because lobsters blend) with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices protection.
3. (B. while the shoulder is) a ball and socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.
4. A car has several section with moving parts, (B. well lubrication) of those parts is essential.
5. Bears cannot see well (C. because they have) small eyes.
6. (A. a land bridge existed) at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South America.
7. (D. although the Empire State Building is built) mostly made of granite, it also contains some human made materials.
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate (D. as sound waves enter) the ear.
9. A optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope (C. can magnify) as much as million times.
10. If scientific estimates are accurate, (B. the collision of the Canon Diablo meteorite colliding) with the earth about 20,000 years ago.

TOEFL Review Exercise (Skills 1-6) page 170
1. (A. the economic activity) of the Pueblo Indians centered on the intensive agriculture.
2. In popular terminology, any long snowstorm with (B. a large amount of wind) is called a blizzard.
3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion, (A. it can also be) produced by fission.
4. (B. if the temperature), igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses.
5. In 1905, Henry Flagler (D. announced) his plans to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the sea of Key West.
6. The sound (A. comes) from a vibrating object will be high or low depending on the number of vibration.
7. During the late 1880s, urban street cars were electrified through (C. the use of) large motors.
8. (A. although Biscayne National Park encompasses) almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.
9. Legislation (B. was passed) in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wilson administration authority to intervene in the national economy if it proved necessary.
10. Because a family of birds set up house keeping in Joel Chandler Harris’s mailbox when the birds were in need of place a place to stay, (B. so the home was named) the Wren’s Nest.

Exercise 7 Page 172 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.
2. ( I ) She told me when should pick her up.
3. ( C ) The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
4. ( C ) We could not believe what he did to us.
5. ( I ) Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?
6. ( C ) We never know whether we will get paid or not.
7. ( I ) This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
8. ( I ) The manager explained how wanted the work done.
9. ( C ) The map showed where the party would be held.
10. ( C ) Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?

Exercise 8 Page 174 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) The teacher heard who answered the question.
2. ( I ) I do not understand what it went wrong.
3. ( C ) Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.
4. ( I ) She did not remember who in her class.
5. ( I ) No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.
6. ( I ) We found out which was her favorite type of candy.
7. ( C ) Do you know what caused the plants to die?
8. ( I ) I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.
9. ( C ) We thought about who would be the best vice president.
10. ( I ) She saw what in the box in the closet.

Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 174 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( I ) It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.
2. ( C ) The group discussed who he should receive the prize.
3. ( C ) It is not certain why the class was canceled.
4. ( I ) I will do what does it need to be done.
5. ( I ) We forgot when did the movies start.
6. ( C ) I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.
7. ( C ) The children knew which the best game to play.
8. ( C ) The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.
9. ( C ) He saw who took the money.
10. ( C ) It is unclear how the window got broken.

TOEFL Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 175
1. Today the true story of (C. what happened) at Little Bignorn reminds a mystery.
2. For more than decade, (C. bird watchers have warned) that certain species are becoming scarce.
3. Early in the eighteen century Halley accurate predicted when (A. the comet) of 1682 would return.
4. No single factor explains why (C. aging has an effect) vary so greatly among individuals.
5. Back to charity about (D. who will lead) the party in the coming year will be removed at the party convention.
6. We don’t (C. know whether) the bow drill was first developed for woodworking of fire making.
7. Minute Man National Historical Park is a monument to where (A. the beginning of the Revolutionary War)
8. Test on the colors of cars were conducted at University of California to determine (A. which) the safest colors for cars.
9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates (A. for school children) in fluoridated areas have about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.
10. The process of photosynthesis explains how (D. with green plants are) able to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture foods from the simple chemicals in air and water.
TOEFL Review Exercise (Skills 1-8) page 176
1. Air near the equator (A. to have) a faster west to east motion than air farther from the equation.
2. About 4000 B.C., humans discovered that (B. the ability of metallic) obtained from special rocks called ores.
3. (A. in the degradation) quickly after an animal dies.
4. (C. improvement) aerodynamic design has contribute a major part in readucing resistance to mountain.
5. The southern part of Florida is much warmer in the part winter, so more (B. touring flocks) to the south.
6. The moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth toward the Moon, and this is what (C. causing) tides to occur.
7. (D. as glaciers move), they pick up fragments of rocks which become frozen into the base of the ice.
8. The tape measure first evolved from (A. the chains measure) used the Egypt.
9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low pressure system near (C. the Africa coast)
10. It is not clear whether the subdivision of the neocortex (B. are individual)

Exercise 9 page 178 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) I did not believe the story that he told me.
2. ( I ) Ms. Brown whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.
3. ( C ) The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.
4. ( C ) Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom your recommended.
5. ( C ) The phone number that you gave me.
6. ( I ) She is able to solve all the problem which did she cause.
7. ( I ) The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.
8. ( I ) Next week I am going to visit my cousin, whom have not seen in several years.
9. ( I ) Did you forget the promise whom you made?
10. ( I ) The teacher whom the student like the most is their history teacher.

Exercise 10 page 180 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.
2. ( I ) I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.
3. ( C ) The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.
4. ( C ) I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.
5. ( I ) we rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the building on Mapel Street.
6. ( C ) She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.
7. ( C ) Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.
8. ( I ) The people which came in late had to sit at back.
9. ( I ) The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.
10. ( C ) After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the steet.

Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181 (Underline = Subject ; Bold = Connectors ; Italic = Verb )
1. ( C ) My sister prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
2. ( C ) The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.
3. ( C ) The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.
4. ( I ) The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
5. ( I ) The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.
6. ( C ) The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.
7. ( C ) The guests who were seated around the dinner table.
8. ( C ) The students have to read all the chapter which are on the test.
9. ( I ) I really do not like the artist which you like.
10. ( C ) The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.

TOEFL Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181
1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 60,000 years ago, (B. were called) Homo sapiens.
2. The first writing (D. that we have) evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.
3. (C. they are succulents) drought resistant plants which store in fleshy.
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom (C. most people know) as Jack Benny, was famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and television.
5. (B. dinosaurs are known) that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who (A. had become) far sighted.
7. Chimney Rock (D. which stands) 500 feet above the North Platte River, has eroded considerably in the last two countries.
8. (C. the hormones changes) that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone density.
9. Willa Cather is an author (D. whom readers praise) for her evocative and memorable vision of frontier prairie life.
10. Mars’s tiny moon Photo is a small mountain of rock that (A. was probably captured) from the asteroid belt by Mars’s gravitational.

TOEFL Review Exercise (Skills 1-10) page 182
1. (D. because Annapolis) is famous as the home of the United State Naval Academy.
2. Some scientist think (D. that Pluto might not) be a planet but moon of Neptune.
3. With (B. the appearance) of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.
4. Fort Union was the site of what (B. being the) principal fur trading post on the upper Missouri River.
5. Since (B. moving faces) commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its cost.
6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the Gulf of Mexico, and then (A. it crosses) the North Atlantic toward Europe.
7. System (D. using) the two symbols 0 and 1 are called binary numbers system.
8. Genes, (D. which are) the blueprints for cell construction, exits in tightly organized packages called chromosomes.
9. The Earth’s atmosphere consist of gases (A. held) in place around the Earth by gravitational of the planet.
10. Oscar Hammerstein H collaborated with a number of composers including Jerome Kern, whom (B. was joined) in writing the musical Show Boat.

TOEFL

The TOEFL task, (Test Of English as Foreign Language), is a test made for evaluate your abilities to use and speak the English language, including knowledge on listening, reading, speaking and writing skills, which combine to form a complete and an interesting test that measures the English skills at the university level. This test can be done by two different ways, the first way is an electronic test which can be answered by the internet; this way to present this test is easier, faster and more comfortable than the ordinary paper test. The second way to answer the TOEFL task which is a classic way to solve this exam and requires more time from the applier and this second way represents an opportunity to do this test for the places where isn’t possible owe an internet connection.
The TOEFL task is conformed by four different parts: the reading comprehension, the listening comprehension, the speaking and the writing section. The reading comprehension section longs around 1 hour or one and half hour and is designed to evaluate the reading ability. The listening comprehension section longs around a hour or one and half hour and is designed to review the capacity to understand the spoken language; the speaking section isn’t taken on all tests, but is designed to evaluate the ability to express the language and measure the capacity to communicate the spoken language. The last section is the writing section, is designed to measure the ability to use the language by the written language. The task takes completely around 4 hours.
The TOEFL task provides too many different advantages to the appliers; the first is that this task is recognized and accepted by thousands of universities, institutes, companies and organizations around all the world; so this exam is an excellent tool for the students who’re looking for a foreign scholarship, is worthy too for get certificates, for get admissions to study an English learning program, is a requirement for students and workers applying for visas. Another TOEFL task’s advantage is that this is a reliable test that is evaluated by certificated appliers and it takes a cheap prize for can take this test. The TOEFL task offers too many centers in different places where you can get help to prepare and increase your knowledge on the language to get a higher rating on the test.
The TOEFL organization, coordinated with some publishing houses, launches every year actualized books and audio material letting the appliers get enough preparation before do the test. All the tools provided by the TOEFL organization are available on different languages to let more people around the world be approached and interested on apply this task. As was said before on this writing, the TOEFL task involves a cheap paid which cost ranges from US$100 to US$225 and the prize varies between the countries. Here on Indonesia the exam is available on the internet version on the next cities: Bandung, Batam, Denpasar, Jakarta, Malang, Medan, Pekanbaru, Salatiga, Samarinda, Semarang, Surabaya, Tangerang and Yogyakarta.
Sometimes the people who can speaks English not always get a high score on TOEFL test. That’s because the TOEFL test not just read and translate like they thought, but it more than to determine the extent of ability in terms of reading and listening to conversational English and structures in English. These are some of tips or advice to solve and get the high score on the TOEFL test :
1. Learn the section directions now, use the time during the test to work on questions.
2. Do not write on any test booklet or materials.
3. Use the process of elimination to decide which answers are wrong.
4. Don't spend too much time on any one question. You should spend only seconds on the easiest questions, and hesitate to spend more than 1/2 minute on even the hardest ones.
5. Practice, practice, practice!
6. Don’t be nervous!

Minggu, 19 Desember 2010

Bisnis Dan Perlindungan Konsumen

Di zaman modern ini manusia dituntut untuk tetap survive demi mmepertahankan hidupnya. Filosofi ini juga berlaku dalam dunia bisnis. Di tengah persaingan yang ketat para pelaku bisnis berlomba-lomba untuk menjadi yang terbaik untuk tetap survive di bidangnya masing-masing. Namun terlepas dari persaingan yang kuat, para pebisnispun tetap di tuntut untuk tetap memberikan yang terbaik bagi konsumennya, tentunya di iringi dengan tindakan yang dapat dipertannggung jawabkan.
Produk atau jasa yang dihalkan pebisnis harus memenuhi syarat-syarat dan standar yang berlaku agar tidak terjadi penyimpangan dalam pelaksnaanny karena bagaimanpun juga konsumen berhak medapatkan perlindungan dari setiap tindakan produsen, dan Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia (YLKI) memiliki peran tersebut.
Namun hubungan antara produsen dan konsumen harus tetap berjalan dengan baik, seperti simbiosis mutualisme. Keduanya memberikan keuntungan tersdendiri dan memiliki “Hak Kontraktual” yaitu Hak yang timbul dan dimiliki seseorang ketika memasuki suatu persetujuan atau kontrak dengan pihak lain. Kedua belah pihak mengetahui sepenuhnya hakikat dan kondisi persetujuan yang mereka sepakat , Tidak ada pihak yang memalsukan fakta tentang kondisi dan syarat-syarat kontrak, Tidak ada pemaksaan, Tidak mengikat untuk tindakan yang bertentangan dengan moralitas. Adapun Kewajiban dari produsen adalah sebagai berikut :
• Memenuhi ketentuan yang melekat pada produk
• Menyingkapkan semua informasi
• Tidak mengatakan yang tidak benar tentang produk yang diwarkan

Bisnis Dan Perlindungan Konsumen Bab VII

Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan Bab IV

Ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam tanggung jawab yang ada di perusahaan seperti :
1. Syarat bagi Tanggung Jawab Moral
Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional, Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan atau apapun namanya, Orang yang melakukan tindakan tertentu memang mau melakukan tindakan itu.
2. Status Perusahaan
pada tingkat operasional bukan hanya staf manajemen yang memikul tanggung jawab sosial dan moral perusahaan ini, melainkan seluruh karyawan.
3. Lingkup Tanggung jawab Sosial
Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial yang berguna bagi kepentingan masyarakat luas
4. Argumen yang Menentang Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
Tujuan utama Bisnis adalah Mengejar Keuntungan Sebesar-besarnya, Tujuan yang terbagi-bagi dan Harapan yang membingungkan, Biaya Keterlibatan Sosial, Kurangnya Tenaga Terampil di Bidang Kegiatan Sosial
5. Argumen yang Mendukung Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
Kebutuhan dan Harapan Masyarakat yang Semakin Berubah , Terbatasnya Sumber Daya Alam, Lingkungan Sosial yang Lebih Baik , Perimbangan Tanggung Jawab dan Kekuasaan , Bisnis Mempunyai Sumber Daya yang Berguna , Keuntungan Jangka Panjang
6. Implementasi Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
Prinsip utama dalam suatu organisasi profesional, termasuk perusahaan, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi

Macam-Macam Hak Pekerja Bab VI

1. Hak atas pekerjaan
Merupakan hak azasi manusia karena ada beberapa factor yang mendukung seperti kerja merupakan perwujudan dari manusia yang melekat pada tubuh manusia dan dinyatakan dalam undang-undang juga
2. Hak atas upah yang adil
Hak atas upah yang adil merupakan hak legal yang diterima dan dituntut seseorang sejak ia mengikat diri untuk bekerja pada suatu perusahaan
3. Hak untuk berserikat dan berkumpul
Untuk bisa memperjuangkan kepentingannya, khususnya hak atas upah yang adil, pekerja harus diakui dan dijamin haknya untuk berserikat dan berkumpul. Yang bertujuan untuk bersatu memperjuangkan hak dan kepentingan semua anggota mereka.
4. Hak atas perlindungan kesehatan dan keamanan
Selain hak-hak diatas, dalam bisnis modern sekarang ini semakin dianggap penting bahwa para pekerja dijamin keamanan, keselamatan dan kesehatannya.
5. Hak untuk diproses hukum secara sah
Berlaku ketika seorang pekerja dituduh dan diancam dengan hukuman tertentu karena diduga melakukan pelanggaran atau kesalahan tertentu. pekerja tersebut wajib diberi kesempatan untuk mempertanggungjawabkan tindakannya, dan kalau ternyata ia tidak bersalah ia wajib diberi kesempatan untuk membela diri.
6. Hak untuk diperlakukan secara sama
tidak boleh ada diskriminasi dalam perusahaan entah berdasarkan warna kulit, jenis kelamin, etnis, agama dan semacamnya, baik dalam sikap dan perlakuan, gaji, maupun peluang untuk jabatan, pelatihan atau pendidikan lebih lanjut
7. Hak atas rahasia pribadi
Hak atas rahasia pribadi tidak mutlak, dalam kasus tertentu data yang dianggap paling rahasia harus diketahui oleh perusahaan atau akryawan lainnya, misalnya orang yang menderita penyakit tertentu. Ditakutkan apabila sewaktu-waktu penyakit tersebut kambuh akan merugikan banyak orang atau mungkin mencelakakan orang lain.
8. Hak atas kebebasan suara hati
Pekerja tidak boleh dipaksa untuk melakukan tindakan tertentu yang dianggapnya tidak baik, atau mungkin baik menurut perusahaan jadi pekerja harus dibiarkan bebas mengikuti apa yang menurut suara hatinya adalah hal yang baik.
9. Whistle blowing
Whistle blowing adalah tindakan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang atau beberapa orang karyawan untuk membocorkan kecurangan entah yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan atau atasannya kepada pihak lain. Pihak yang dilapori itu bisa saja atasan yang lebih tinggi atau masyarakat luas.

Etika Utilitarianisme dalam Berbisnis Bab III

Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme, diantaranya :
• Rasionalitas
Rasionalitas merupakan hal penting dalam utilitarinisme karena dengan adanya pemikiran yang rasional dapat menjalan kan strategi bisnis yang baik sehingga dapat memberikan kemenagan dalam menjalankannya.
• Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral
Dengan menghargai kebebasan utilitarianisme akan berjalan dengan baik
• Universalitas
Utilitarianilsme bersifat menyeluruh atau universal yang mencakup semua etika moral bisnis.

Utilitarianisme sbg proses dan sebagai Standar Penilaian
1. Etika utilitarianisme digunakan sbg proses untuk mengambil keputusan, kebijaksanaan atau untuk bertindak.
2. Etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan atau kebijaksanaan yang telah dilakukan

Analisis Keuntungan dan Kerugian
Dalam Etika Utilitarianisme, manfaat dan kerugian selalu dikaitkan dg semua orang yg terkait, shg analisis keuntungan dan kerugian tidak lagi semata-mata tertuju langsung pd keuntungan bagi perusahaan.
Analisis keuntungan dan kerugian dalam kerangka Etika bisnis:
1. keuntungan dan kerugian, cost and benefits, yg dianalisis tidak dipusatkan pd keuntungan dan kerugian perusahaan.
2. analisis keuntungan dan kerugian tidak ditempatkan dlm kerangka uang.
3. analisis keuntungan dan kerugian untuk jangka panjang

Kelemahan Etika Utilitarisme
1. Manfaat merupakan konsep yg begitu luas shg dalam kenyataan praktis akan menimbulkan kesulitan yg tidak sedikit
2. Etika utilitarisme tidak pernah menganggap serius nilai suatu tindakan pd dirinya sendiri dan hanya memperhatikan nilai suatu tindakan sejauh berkaitan dg akibatnya.
3. Etika utilitarisme tidak pernah menganggap serius kemauan baik seseorang
4. Variabel yg dinilai tidak semuanya dpt dikualifikasi.
5. Seandainya ketiga kriteria dari etika utilitarisme saling bertentangan, maka akan ada kesulitan dlam menentukan proiritas di antara ketiganya
6. Etika utilitarisme membenarkan hak kelompok minoritas tertentu dikorbankan demi kepentingan mayoritas

Bisnis dan Etika Bab II

Mitos bisnis amoral yang mengungkapkan bahwa hubungan antara bisnis dan moral adalah tidak saling berpengaruh diyakini oleh sebagian orang. Mereka berpendapat bahwa, bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang tanpa memperdulikan aturan atau moral-moral yang berlaku. Aturan yang dipakai dalam persaingan bisnispun berbeda dari aturan yang dikenal dalam kehidupan sosial sehingga tidak bisa dinilai dengan aturan moral dan sosial. Selain itu bisnis memiliki sifat yang formal dan tegas, sedangkan moral lebih bersifat informal dan soft dalam setiap tingkah lakunya. Teori ini dapat terlihat dan dibuktikan dari tingkah antara keduanya, karena dalam kenyataannya pelaku bisnis yang megikuti aturan dan noma yang ada akan mengalami kekalahan dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat
Namun untuk sebagian orang mitos bisnis amoral tersbut tidak sepenuhnya benar. Kebalikan dari sebelumnya mereka justru berpendapat bahwa bisnis adalah bagian aktivitas yang penting dari masyarakat, sehingga norma atau nilai yang dianggap baik dan berlaku di masyarakat ikut dibawa serta dalam kegiatan bisnis. Bahkan Beberapa perusahaan telah berhasil karena memegang teguh kode etis dan komitmen moral tertentu. Suatu praktek atau kegiatan bisnis mungkin saja diterima secara legal karena ada dasar hukum, tetapi tidak diterima secara moral.
Tapi apapun cara yang dijalankan unutk mencapai keberhasilan, semua harus tetap berjalan pada koridor dan aturan yang berlaku. Baik buruknya suatu bisnis yang dijalankan dapat terlihat dari hasil yang diraih pelaku bisnis tersebut.
Terlepas dari cara pelaku bisnis mencapai keberhasilannya, etika bisnis mempunyai beberapa prinsip yang harus dijalankan dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat diantaranya adalah Prinsip otonomi , Prinsip Kejujuran, Prinsip Keadilan, Prinsip Saling Menguntungkan , Prinsip Integritas Moral. Selain itu alasan yang harus dipegang teguh dalam menjalankannya, antara lain :
• Perusahaan yang unggul bukan hanya memiliki kinerja dalam bisnis,manajerial dan finansial yang baik akan tetapi juga kinerja etis dan etos bisnis yang baik
• Kepercayaan konsumen dijaga dengan memperlihatkan citra bisnis yang baik dan etis
• Dalam sistem pasar terbuka dengan peran pemerintah yang menjamin kepentingan dan hak bagi semua pihak, maka perusahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis
• Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari bahwa karyawan bukanlah tenaga yang harus dieksploitasi demi mendapat keuntungan.

Dan ada pula Sasaran dan Lingkup Etika Bisnis, diantaranya :
1. Etika bisnis bertujuan untuk menghimbau pelaku bisnis agar menjalankan bisnisnya secara baik dan etis
2. Untuk menyadarkan masyarakat khususnya konsumen, buruh atau karyawan dan masyarakat luas akan hak dan kepentingan mereka yang tidak boleh dilanggar oleh praktek bisnis siapapun juga
3. Etika bisnis juga berbicara mengenai sistem ekonomi yang sangat menentukan etis tidaknya suatu praktek bisnis

Bisnis Menjadi Sebuah Profesi Etis Bab Ib

Bisnis dapat menjadi sebuah profesi etis, hal ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa sudut pandang dan teori yang mendukung, diantaranya adalah Etika Terapan, Etika Profesi dan Menuju Bisnis sebagai Profesi Luhur. Dan hal ini dapat di tunjang dengan beberapa alasan seperti :
a. Ditunjang oleh sistem politik ekonomi yang kondusif
- aturan yg jelas dan fair
- kepastian keberlakuan aturan tersebut
- aturan hukum yg mengatur kegiatan bisnis
- sistem pemerintahan yg adil dan efektif
b. Prinsip-prinsip etis untuk berbisnis yang baik

I. Etika Terapan
Secara umum etika dibagi menjadi Etika Umum dan Etika khusus. Etika Umum berbicara mengenai norma dan nilai moral, kondisi-kondisi dasar bagi manusia untuk bertindak secara etis, bgmn manusia mengambil keputusan etis, teori-teori etika, lembaga-lembaga normatif dan semacamnya. Etika Khusus adalah penerapan prinsip-prinsip atau norma-norma moral dasar dalam bidang kehidupan yg khusus.

II. Etika Profesi
Etika profesi memiliki prinsip-prinsip dasar yang harus dijalankan, daiantaranya yaitu Prinsip Tanggung Jawab, Prinsip Keadilan, Prinsip Otonomi, Prinsip Integritas Moral.

III. Menuju Bisnis sebagai Profesi Luhur

Teori-Teori Etika Bisnis Bab Ia

1. Etika
Etika berasal dari dari kata Yunani ‘Ethos’ (jamak – ta etha), berarti adat istiadat. Etika berkaitan dengan kebiasaan hidup yang baik, baik pada diri seseorang maupun pada suatu masyarakat. Sedangkan Moralitas berasal dari kata Latin Mos (jamak – Mores) berarti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan. Pengertian harfiah dari etika dan moralitas, sama-sama berarti sistem nilai tentang bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia yang telah diinstitusionalisasikan dalam sebuah adat kebiasaan yang kemudian terwujud dalam pola perilaku yang ajek dan terulang dalam kurun waktu yang lama sebagaimana laiknya sebuah kebiasaan

2. Tiga Norma Umum
Norma adalah pedoman tentang bagaimana kita harus hidup dan bertindak secara baik dan tepat, sekaligus menjadi dasar bagi penilaian mengenai baik buruknya perilaku dan tindakan kita. Adapun macam-macam norma adalah :
a. Norma Khusus : aturan yang berlaku dalam bidang kegiatan atau kehidupan khusus, misalnya aturan olah raga, aturan pendidikan dan lain-lain
b. Norma Umum : norma yang lebih bersifat umum dan sampai pada tingkat tertentu boleh dikatakan bersifat universal.
- Norma Sopan santun : norma yang mengatur pola perilaku dan sikap lahiriah dalam pergaulan sehari-hari
- Norma Hukum : norma yang dituntut keberlakuannya secara tegas oleh masyarakat karena dianggap perlu dan niscaya demi keselamatan dan kesejahteraan manusia dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.
- Norma Moral : aturan mengenai sikap dan perilaku manusia sebagai manusia.

3. Teori Etika
a. Etika Teleologi
Berasal dari kata Yunani, telos = tujuan, yang arti keseluruhannya adalah mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tindakan itu, atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu. Dua aliran etika teleologi :
- Egoisme Etis : bahwa tindakan dari setiap orang pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengejar pribadi dan memajukan dirinya sendiri.
- Utilitarianisme : suatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat, tapi manfaat itu harus menyangkut bukan saja satu dua orang melainkan masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan.
b. Deontologi
Istilah deontologi berasal dari kata Yunani ‘deon’ yang berarti kewajiban
c. Teori Hak
Merupakan suatu aspek dari teori deontologi, karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban bagaikan dua sisi uang logam yang sama.
d. Teori Keutamaan (Virtue)
Memandang sikap atau akhlak seseorang.

Jumat, 08 Oktober 2010

Etika Bisnis Menjadi Sekretaris Yang Baik

Sekretaris merupakan sebuah profesi administratif yang bersifat asisten atau mendukung. Gelar ini merujuk kepada sebuah pekerja kantor yang tugasnya ialah melaksanakan perkerjaan rutin, tugas-tugas administratif atau tugas-tugas pribadi dari atasannya. Seorang sekretaris dituntut untuk mampu menciptakan suasana lingkungan kerja yang baik agar dapat bekerja secara professional. Dan untuk mewujudkannya, dapat menggunakan cara-cara seperti berikut :
1. Menampilkan Citra Perusahaan
Citra perusahaan adalah hal yang harus dijunjung tinggi. Karena posisi ini adalah tangan kanan atasan, maka harus mampu menampilkan citra perusahaan yang baik.
2. Baik dan Bertanggung Jawab
Sekretaris juga harus ramah, baik dan bertanggung jawab pada semua tugasnya. Bukan hanya baik kepada atasa, tapi juga harus baik kepada relasi dan kawan sekantor. Ia harus memiliki hubungan interpersonal yang baik, yang mampu mendorong semangat kerja.
3. Mempelajari dimanika organisasi, memahami wewenang atau tanggung jawab dengan baik
Jangan sampai kurang jelas memahami instruksi, yang menjadikan salah tafsir. Mencari cara kerja baru yang lebih efektif sebagai cara baru untuk memecahkan persoalan. Perubahan semacam itu dapat menghilangkan rutinitas atau sifat menonton suatu pekerjaan.
4. Pandai Menjaga Rahasia
Sebagai tangan kanan atasan dan selalu mendapat kepercayaan dari atasan, sekretaris harus pandai menjaga rahasia perusahaan maupun rahasia pribadi sang atasan.
5. Menguasai Teknoiogi
Sekretaris bukan hanya harus pandai berdandan, tapi juga harus update terhadap kemajuan teknologi, misalnya teknologi informasi.
6. Mempelajari Karakter Atasan
Kenali karakter atasan agar tidak salah dalam bertindak dan mengambil keputusan.
7. Menguasai Bahasa Asing
Ketrampilan ini bisa menjadi nilai tambah yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang sekretaris. Karena biasanya, seorang sekretaris akan sering diminta atasan untuk bertemu dengan relasi yang berasal dari luar negeri.
8. Mempunyai Etika yang Baik.
Seorang sekretaris juga harus memiliki etika yang baik yaitu dalam hal berbicara, makan, duduk, dsb. Karena itu sangat berkaitan dengan citra perusahaan.
9. Menjaga kondisi baik fisik maupun psikis.
Dengan makan bergizi baik maupun kebiasaan berdisiplin untuk bekerja maupun banyak bersantai berguna dalam menghadapi stress.
10. Pandai Berbicara di Depan Publik
Kadang sekretaris diminta untuk menemani atasan untuk melakukan presentasi menggantikan sang atasan. Karena itu, seorang sekretaris harus bisa belajar berbicara dengan publik atau pada saat meeting.

Pemahaman Sederhana Etika Bisnis

Secara sederhana pengertian Etika Bisnis adalah cara-cara yang dilakukan dalam kegiatan bisnis yang berjalan sesuai dengan hukum dan peraturan yang berlaku yang dapat memajukan kinerja dan citra pesuhaan tersebut. Contohnya etika bisnis yang dijalankan dalam sutu perusahaan menuntut karayawannya untuk menggunakan seragam dalam lingkungan perusahaan tersebut. Atau untuk cakupan yang lebih luas, suatu perusahaan menetapkan standar kerja diatas standar kerja perusahaan lain. Hal ini dilakukan agar citra yang ditampilkan dapat terlihat baik. Dengan penetapan kebijakan-kebijakan perusahaan yang demikian, perusahaan tersebut dapat satu langkah lebih baik dari standar yang ada. Bisa dikatakan etika bisnis memiliki sifat seperti ‘boomerang’, apabila kita membentuk suatu etika bisnis yang baik, maka dapat dipastikan kita akan mendapat respon yang baik pula dari masyrakat, tentunya didukung dengan strategi yang baik pula. Dan tindakan tidak etis yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan akan memancing tindakan balasan dari konsumen dan masyarakat pula, misalnya melalui gerakan pemboikotan, larangan beredar, larangan beroperasi dan lain sebagainya. Hal ini akan dapat menurunkan nilai penjualan maupun nilai perusahaan.
Etika bisnis dalam perusahaan memiliki peran yang sangat penting, yaitu untuk membentuk suatu perusahaan yang kokoh dan memiliki daya saing yang tinggi serta mempunyai kemampuan menciptakan nilai yang tinggi. Biasanya etika bisnis dalam sutu perusahaan dimulai dari perencanaan strategis , organisasi yang baik, sistem prosedur yang transparan didukung oleh budaya perusahaan serta etika perusahaan yang dilaksanakan secara konsisten dan konsekuen. Perusahaan yang menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai etika bisnis, pada umumnya termasuk perusahaan yang memiliki peringkat kepuasan bekerja yang tinggi pula, terutama apabila perusahaan tidak mentolerir tindakan yang tidak etis, misalnya diskriminasi dan senioritas di suatu perusahaan.

Jumat, 28 Mei 2010

Semua tentang Bahasa Indonesia

Bahasa Indoneia merupakan bahasa yang kita pergunakan sehari-hari. Namun, dalam penggunaannya bahasa yang kita pergunakan sehari-hari tersebut bukanlah bahasa yang sesuai dengan aturan dan ejaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar. Oleh karena iu, dengan adanya mata kuliah Bahasa Indonesia yang diberikan di bangku perkuliahan diharapkan dapat membantu para mahasiswa agar dapat menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dengan baik dan benar. Sehingga kaidah dan norma-norma dasar Bahasa Indonesia masih dapat diingat dan di praktekan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari serta tidak terpengaruh dengan adanya bahasa asing. Terlebih lagi untuk mahasiswa tingakat 3, penggunaan bahasa Indonesia ini sangat membantu dalam penyusunan Penulisan Ilmiah yang dibebankan kepeada mahasiswa sebagai salah satu syarat penunjang kelulusan di Universitas Gunadarma.
Pada tahun ajaran baru kemarin, untuk pertama kalinya Bahasa Indonesia menjadi salah satu mata kuliah softskill yang dijalankan pada tingkat 3. Walaupun baru pertama kali dalam pelaksanaanya, namun Bahasa Indonesia mampu mengasah kemampuan mahasiswa dalam berbahsa Indonesia yang baik dan benar serta memberikan kebebasan terhadap apa yang ditulis sebagai bahan tulisan. Hal itu sangat membantu mahasiswa dalam mengembangkan kreativitas dan imajinasi yang dimiliki oleh mahasiswa tersebut.
Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, tulisan-tulisan yang dimiliki dan di upload ke studentsite kadang memiliki beberapa hambatan, sehingga mengurangi minat mahsiswa untuk menambah tulisan mereka ke dalam studentsite melalui blog mereka masing-masing.

Untuk keseluhan Bahasa Indonesia sangat membantu dalam proses pembelajaran mahasiswa, namun masih banyak yang harus dikoreksi dengan softskill nya.

Mata kuliah yang di dapat selama proses belajar Bahasa indonesia berjalan :
1. Peranan dan fungsi bahasa Indonesia
2. Ragam Bahasa
3. EYD dan Tanda Baca
4. Pilihan Kata (Diksi)
5. Kalimat Efektif
6. Kalimat Efektif (Pengertian, Ciri dan contoh Kalimat Efektif)
7. Kalimat Efektif (Turunan)
8. Alinea
9. Alinea (pengembangan alinea)
10.Perencanaan Penulisan Karangan Ilmiah
11.Kerangka Karangan (Outline)
12.Kutipan (Quotation)
13.Abstrak dan Daftar Pustaka

Jumat, 16 April 2010

“Rasa”

Banyak rasa yang dapat kita rasakan dalam kehidupan ini. Banyak juga ekspresi yang dapat kita sampaikan mealui rasa yang kita rasakan tersebut. Rasa marah, rasa benci, rasa sayang, rasa cinta, rasa ikhlas, dll adalah merupakan sedikit bagian dari banyaknya rasa yang ada. Tapi bagi saya, ada 2 rasa yang paling berpengaruh dalam diri saya, yaitu rasa takut dan rasa bersyukur. Kenapa harus rasa takut dan bersyukur?
• Rasa takut, karena bila kita mearasa takut pada sesuatu maka kita akan melakukan yang terbaik yang bisa kita lakukan, tentunya agar perasaan takut yang kita rasakan tersebut tidak terjadi. Misalnya, rasa takut kehilangan, rasa takut melakukan sesuatu yang salah, rasa takut mengecewakan orang lain, dll. Dari rasa takut tersebut kita akan berusaha untuk menjaga sesorang agar tidak kehilangan, kita akan berusaha berbuat baik agar tidak melakukan kesalahan dan mengecewakan orang lain. Secara tidak langsung kita telah melakukan yang terbaik dari diri kita dan dapat termotivasi agar rasa ketakutan yang kita alami tidak terjadi. Jadi bagi pribadi saya Rasa takut menjadikan motivasi tersendiri untuk saya melakukan yang terbaik dan mengajarkan saya untuk terus berusaha.
• Rasa syukur, ketika kita telah melakukan yang terbaik dan telah menghilangkan rasa takut yang telah kita ciptakan dan kita hilangkan sendiri, rasa bersyukur lah yang mampu mengakhiri semuanya. Apapun yang telah kita lakukan, bersyukurlah dalam bentuk pencapaian yang telah kita dapat. Bersyukur tidak hanya identik pada saat kita mampu meraih sesuatu pada puncaknya, tapi rasa syukur pun tetap harus kita lakukan di saat kita terpuruk sekalipun.

Jawabanya mungkin klise, tapi itulah keadaan yang benar-benar saya rasakan. Mudah-mudahan tulisan ini dapat menginspirasi bagi pembacanya. Atau bahkan anda dapat mendeskripsikan dan mendefinisikan rasa yang anda dapat rasakan sendiri sehingga anda dapat melakuakn sesuatu hal yang positif bagi diri anda dan orang lain..

-Kutipan Kahlil Gibran-

“Bila kau jatuh cinta, jangan pernah mengira bahwa kau dapat menentukan jalan cinta. Karena cinta, bila kau telah di pilihnya, akan menentukan ke mana arah hidupmu..”

“Cinta yang terbatas tiada berkeinginan selain mewujudkan dirinya. Tetapi bila kau mencintai sambil berkeinginan, biarkan ia menjadi keinginan-mu. Mengalirlah seperti sungai yang menyanyikan lagu kemesraan dengan suka cita..”

“Cinta ibarat pesulap yang menciptakan imajinasi tentang kekasih dalam pikiranmu, yang dengannya kau berbagi saat-saat intim yang rahasia..”

“Bila cinta meluluhlantahkan hatimu, ikuti dia.. dan dekaplah! Meski jalannya senantiasa terjal dan berliku..”

“Menyerahlah pada kedalaman cinta, saat sayap-sayap cinta merengkuhmu! Meski tersembunyi sebuah pedang di balik sayap-sayap itu untuk melukaimu..”

“Dan bila cinta bicara padamu,yakinlah.. meski kata-katanya membuyarkan impianmu, bagai badai yang memporak-porandakan taman hatimu..”

“Bila kau bersembunyi dalam hatiku,tak sulit bagiku untuk menemukan mu..
Tetapi,,bila kau bersembunyi di luar dirimu, tak seorangpun yang bisa menemukan kamu..”

“Kau telah dipercaya oleh cinta sebagai utusannya. Maka tunduklah pada nya, sebab cinta adalah kuntum keindahan yang menebarkan wangi kehidupan kepada para pemujanya..”

“Cinta laksana matahari yang muncul dari awan-awan dan selalu menghangatkan jiwa para pemuja nya..”

“Ibarat nyala api abadi, demikainlah cinta tatkala tersulut, ia akan terbakar terus selamanya..”

“Cinta adalah sebuah tanda dari langit, bahwa kau ada di sini untk sebuah alasan!”

“Demikianlah cinta.. satu-satunya bunga yang tumbuh dan mrkar tanpa bantuan musim..”

“Keabdian dan keindahan cinta akan senantiasa murni dengan air mata yang selalu membasuhnya..”

“Hidup tanpa cinta bagai pohon yang tak berkembang dan berbuah. Tetapi, cinta tanpa kebahagian bagai kembang tanpa aroma semerbak..
Hidup, Cinta, dan Kebahagian ialah tiga dalam satu yang tak bisa di pisahkan ataupun di ubah..”

Choky Sitohang

Tulisan ini saya dedikasikan untuk Choky Sitohang, yang membuat saya begitu mengaguminya. Ia adalah sosok pria dewasa dengan kharismatik yang tinggi. Pebawaannya yang santai namun tetap fomal menjadi ciri khas pria ini. Kemapuannya dalam menyusun kata dengan baik dan benar juga sangat di kagumi oleh banyak orang. Di tambah lagi dengan wajahnya yang tampan dan badannya yang proporsional serta kepintarannya membawakan sebuah acara, membuat acara-acara yang dibawakannya menjadi sukses dan tetap medapatkan rating yang bagus.
Menurut saya ia adalah pria yang sempurna, ia tidak hanya menjadi idola untuk saya tapi juga untuk seluruh masyarakat Indonesia…

Kekaguman yang tiada henti-hentinya saya lantunkan kepada Choky Sitohang …..